Nitric Oxide & Nasal Breathing Physiology
Lundberg JO et al. "High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses."
- Nature Medicine, 1995
- PMID: 7585069
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7585069/
Lundberg JO et al. "Inhalation of nasally derived nitric oxide modulates pulmonary function in humans."
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 1996
- PMID: 8971255
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8971255/
Lundberg JO. "Nitric oxide and the paranasal sinuses."
- Anatomical Record, 2008
- PMID: 18951492
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18951492/
Weitzberg E, Lundberg JN. "Humming greatly increases nasal nitric oxide."
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2002
- PMID: 12119224
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12119224/
Kimberly B et al. "Nasal contribution to exhaled nitric oxide at rest and during breathholding."
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1996
- PMID: 8564139
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8564139/
Parasympathetic Nervous System & Heart Rate Variability
Huang ZG et al. "Acute nasal breathing lowers diastolic blood pressure and increases parasympathetic contributions to heart rate variability."
- American Journal of Physiology, 2024
- PMCID: PMC11178300
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11178300/
- https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00148.2023
Pal GK et al. "Assessment of the Effects of Pranayama/Alternate Nostril Breathing on the Parasympathetic Nervous System."
- Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2013
- PMCID: PMC3681046
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3681046/
Laborde S et al. "Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis."
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2022
- PMID: 35623448
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623448/
Ma X et al. "The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults."
- Frontiers in Psychology, 2017
- PMID: 28626434
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28626434/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5455070/
Sleep, Nasal Obstruction & Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Fitzpatrick MF et al. "Effect of nasal or oral breathing route on upper airway resistance during sleep."
- European Respiratory Journal, 2003
- PMID: 14621092
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14621092/
- https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/22/5/827
Meurice JC et al. "Influence of mouth opening on upper airway collapsibility."
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1996
- PMID: 8542125
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8542125/
Migueis DP et al. "Systematic review: the influence of nasal obstruction on sleep apnea."
- Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 2016
- PMID: 26830959
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26830959/
Stewart M et al. "Epidemiology and burden of nasal congestion."
- International Journal of General Medicine, 2010
- PMID: 20463822
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20463822/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2866547/
Nakano H et al. "The relationship between mouth opening and sleep stage-related sleep disordered breathing."
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 2011
- PMID: 21509334
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21509334/
Meurice JC et al. "Obstructive sleep apnoea and oral breathing in patients free of nasal obstruction."
- European Respiratory Journal, 2006
- https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/6/1222
Mouth Taping Studies
Huang TW, Young TH. "The Impact of Mouth-Taping in Mouth-Breathers with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Preliminary Study."
- Healthcare (Basel), 2022
- PMID: 36141367
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141367/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9498537/
Labarca G et al. "Mouth Closing to Improve the Efficacy of Mandibular Advancement Devices in Sleep Apnea."
- Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2022
- PMID: 35254967
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35254967/
Rhee J et al. "Breaking social media fads: Safety and efficacy of mouth taping - A systematic review."
- PLoS ONE, 2025
- PMID: 40397877
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40397877/
- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0323643
Nasal Strips Research
Camacho M et al. "Nasal Dilators (Breathe Right Strips and NoZovent) for Snoring and OSA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis."
- Pulmonary Medicine, 2016
- PMID: 28070421
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070421/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5187477/
Noss MJ et al. "Objective and Subjective Effects of a Prototype Nasal Dilator Strip on Sleep."
- Advances in Therapy, 2019
- PMID: 31209698
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31209698/
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-019-00980-z
Griffin JW et al. "Physiological effects of an external nasal dilator."
- Laryngoscope, 1997
- PMID: 9292609
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9292609/
Wong LS & Johnson AT. "Decrease of resistance to air flow with nasal strips."
- BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 2004
- PMID: 15500689
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15500689/
- https://biomedical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-925X-3-38
Raudenbush B et al. "Stenting the nasal airway for maximizing inspiratory airflow."
- Laryngoscope, 2011
- PMID: 21819762
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21819762/
Dinardi RR et al. "Does the external nasal dilator strip help in sports activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis."
- European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2020
- PMID: 32683573
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32683573/
Mouth Breathing & Oral Health
Kimura ACRS et al. "Dental Caries and Periodontal Outcomes in Mouth-Breathing Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review."
- International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 2025
- PMID: 40739849
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40739849/
Mummolo S et al. "Mouth Breathing Predisposes to Increased Risk of Periodontal Disease."
- BioMed Research International, 2018
- PMCID: PMC5859862
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5859862/
Lin L et al. "The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: A concise review."
- Frontiers in Public Health, 2022
- PMID: 36159237
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36159237/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9498581/
Cuccia AM et al. "Impact of airway dysfunction on dental health."
- PMC, 2020
- PMCID: PMC6986941
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6986941/
Brain, Cognition & Nasal Breathing
Zelano C et al. "Nasal Respiration Entrains Human Limbic Oscillations and Modulates Cognitive Function."
- Journal of Neuroscience, 2016
- PMID: 27927961
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27927961/
- https://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/49/12448
Arshamian A et al. "Respiration Modulates Olfactory Memory Consolidation in Humans."
- Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
- PMID: 30348674
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30348674/
Kay LM. "Respiratory-Hippocampal Communication."
- Journal of Neurophysiology, 2019
- PMID: 31215344
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215344/
Gosselin N et al. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Cognitive Decline in Older Adults."
- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2019
- PMID: 30113864
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30113864/
Athletic Performance & Nasal Breathing
Dallam GM et al. "Effect of Nasal Versus Oral Breathing on Vo2max and Physiological Economy in Recreational Runners."
- International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, 2018
- DOI: 10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.6n.2p.22
- https://journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJKSS/article/view/4400
Shturman-Ellstein R et al. "The beneficial effect of nasal breathing on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction."
- American Review of Respiratory Disease, 1978
- PMID: 677559
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/677559/
Recinto C et al. "Effects of Nasal or Oral Breathing on Anaerobic Power Output and Metabolic Responses."
- International Journal of Exercise Science, 2017
- PMCID: PMC5466403
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5466403/
Lörinczi et al. "Impact of nasal versus oral breathing during exercise."
- BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2024
- PMCID: PMC10858538
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10858538/
Benner A et al. "Physiology, Bohr Effect."
- StatPearls, 2023
- PMID: 30252284
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30252284/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526028/
Partner Sleep & Relationship Impact
Beninati W et al. "Partners of patients with sleep apnea: Effects on sleep and partner bed disturbance."
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1999
- PMID: 10918859
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10918859/
Ulfberg J et al. "Adverse health effects among women living with heavy snorers."
- Health Care for Women International, 2000
- PMID: 10818830
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818830/
McArdle N et al. "Partners of patients with sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome: effect of CPAP treatment on sleep quality and quality of life."
- Thorax, 2001
- PMID: 11413348
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11413348/
- https://thorax.bmj.com/content/56/7/513
Guzman MA et al. "Overnight Sound Intensity of Habitual Snorers."
- Sleep, 2020
- PMID: 31837267
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31837267/
McFadyen TA et al. "The effect of treatment with CPAP or MAD on marital satisfaction."
- European Respiratory Journal, 2001
- PMID: 11829108
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11829108/
Siccoli MM et al. "Effects of CPAP on Sleep and Mood in Partners of Patients with OSA."
- Sleep, 2008
- PMID: 19014075
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19014075/
Chorvoz J et al. "CPAP treatment improves marital satisfaction in OSA patients."
- Journal of Sleep Research, 2024
- DOI: 10.1111/jsr.70167
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.70167
Sleep Quality After Nasal Surgery/Treatment
Nasal surgery improves sleep quality (86.9% improvement)
- Rhinology Journal, 2014
- PMID: 25073754
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25073754/
Daytime energy increases (78%) after nasal breathing improvement
- Journal of Applied Physiology, 1999
- PMID: 10629486
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10629486/
Nasal Airway Obstruction Prevalence
Gray LP. "Deviated nasal septum: incidence and etiology."
- Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 1978
- PMID: 99070
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/99070/
Petts GC et al. "Prevalence of Nasal Airway Obstruction in an Orthodontic Population Using the NOSE Scale."
- Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 2025
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ocr.70004
Additional Supporting Research
Effects of nasal dilator strips on subjective measures of sleep in subjects with chronic nocturnal nasal congestion.
- Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 2018
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13223-018-0258-5
Di Pede C et al. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of the external nasal dilator strip in adolescent athletes."
- International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 2013
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165587613003005
Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19?
- Microbes and Infection, 2020
- PMCID: PMC7200356
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7200356/
Nasal and oral contribution to inhaled and exhaled nitric oxide.
- European Respiratory Journal, 2002
- https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/19/5/859
Quick Reference: Key Studies by Topic
For Sleep Claims:
- Fitzpatrick 2003 (airway resistance): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14621092/
- Huang 2022 (mouth taping): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141367/
- Camacho 2016 (nasal strips meta-analysis): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070421/
For Nitric Oxide:
- Lundberg 1995: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7585069/
- Lundberg 1996: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8971255/
For Oral Health:
- Kimura 2025 (systematic review): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40739849/
- Mummolo 2018: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5859862/
For Brain/Cognition:
- Zelano 2016: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27927961/
For Athletic Performance:
- Dallam 2018: https://journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/IJKSS/article/view/4400
- Shturman-Ellstein 1978: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/677559/
For Partner Sleep:
- Beninati 1999: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10918859/
- McArdle 2001: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11413348/
For HRV/Parasympathetic:
- Laborde 2022 (meta-analysis): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623448/
- Huang 2024: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11178300/